(The images below are thumbnails – click on them to see larger versions.)

State of the Art, Circa 1940
Ethel Merman is profiled in the souvenir program for Something for the Boys (1943).

With the world at war and America still suffering echoes of the Great Depression, most Broadway professionals felt that audiences of the early 1940s wanted an escape from reality, the more lighthearted the better. For example, Irving Berlin had reigned as America's most popular composer since 1911, contributing hit songs to numerous stage reviews and films. The 1940s brought his first book musical to Broadway -- Louisiana Purchase (1940 - 444) a comic send-up of corrupt Louisiana politics co-starring the popular team of William Gaxton and Victor Moore.

After America entered World War II, Berlin triumphed again with This is the Army (1942 - 113), a revue with an all-Army cast poking lighthearted fun at the trials of military life. Musical highlights included "I Left My Heart at the Stage Door Canteen." Berlin himself performed "Oh, How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning," which he had introduced in the World War I fundraiser Yip, Yip, Yapank (1918 - 32). After an extended Broadway run, This is the Army  toured the US, had a hit London run, and was made into a popular film, eventually earning over $9 million for the Army's Emergency Relief Fund.

In the early 1940s, musical comedy master Cole Porter continued his long-running streak of hits, with four shows that racked up impressive runs –

– Panama Hattie (1940 - 501) starred Ethel Merman as a brassy Canal Zone bar owner who tries to polish up her act when she falls in love with a Philadelphia socialite. Merman and eight year old Joan Carroll shared "Let's Be Buddies." Hattie marked Merman's first time as a solo star, and it became the first Broadway musical to top 500 performances since the 1920s.

– Let's Face It (1941 - 547) featured Eve Arden and Danny Kaye in a tale of three wealthy wives who get revenge on their cheating husbands by taking on three soldiers as gigolos. The score included "You Irritate Me So." Wartime audiences were delighted, and Porter had another show top the 500 performance mark.

– Something For the Boys (1943 - 422) is the perfect example of what musical comedy tried to be in the early 1940s,  placing a major star in an unlikely situation and adding a few wacky comic twists. Ethel Merman played a wartime factory worker who inherits property adjacent to a military base in Texas. While there, she falls in love with a bandleader/soldier and finds that her dental fillings pick up radio signals. (No, I am not making this up.) This silliness gave Merman plenty of comic moments and Porter songs (including "Hey Good Lookin'" and the suggestive title tune) to belt in her trademark style. Not great art, but it packed the Imperial Theatre for more than a year.

As the 1940s began, great art was not the goal in musical theatre. Most producers and critics were convinced that good songs and good fun were all that theatergoers required. As had happened before and would happen again, the experts were underestimating the ticket-buying public.

Signs of Change
A few people were determined to make the Broadway musical grow up, and their efforts snuck in right alongside the traditional fluff. Composer Vernon Duke and lyricist John LaTouche offered Cabin In The Sky (1940 - 156), the parable of an angel and a demon in a tug of war for a black man's soul. The fine score (including "Taking a Chance On Love") was integrated with the book, but the show had a limited appeal. The superb 1943 MGM film version had a similar fate -- rave reviews, weak box office response.

The original cast Playbill for Pal Joey.

Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart took some creative risks with Pal Joey (1940 - 374), Broadway's first musical to center on an anti-hero. The title character is a sleazy nightclub hoofer who hustles his way to success by manipulating a wealthy mistress, only to lose everything when she dumps him. The score ranged from the innocent romance of "I Could Write A Book" to the sexual bite of "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered." Newcomer Gene Kelly played the title role, with Vivienne Segal as his mistress and June Havoc (vaudeville’s former "Baby June") as one of the nightclub showgirls. Of course, it helped that veteran director George Abbott was on hand to pull all these elements together. Though most critics objected to Pal Joey's seamy subject matter, it ran for a profitable year. Many of the same critics would praise Pal Joey when it was revived in 1952.

Ira Gershwin withdrew from show business for several years after his brother George's death. He returned in style by teaming with Kurt Weill and playwright Moss Hart to write Lady in the Dark (1941 - 467), the story of a magazine editor using psychoanalysis to explore her emotional insecurities. The music was restricted to several dream sequences in which the main character saw herself at events representing her inner turmoil -- a party, a trial, and a circus. Newcomer Danny Kaye winning performance as an effeminate fashion photographer (and his lightning fast delivery of the patter song "Tschaikowsky") made him an immediate star, but even he could not steal the show from Gertrude Lawrence. With "My Ship" and "Jenny," this masterful stage star kept audiences cheering for the longest run of her career.

The result was a stunning blend of all components of the theatre. According to published reports, the production involved a company of 58 performers, 51 stagehands, and 4 revolving stages. It was mounted for the then staggering cost $130,000. (To interject a note on the current economics of the theatre, today it would be capitalized at approximately $750,000.)
- Stanley Richards, Great Musicals of the American Theatre, Vol. 2, (Radnor, PA: Chilton Books, 1976), p. 74.

(Editors note: The equivalent price tag for such a Broadway production in 2009 would be well over $15 million.)

An Ending and a Beginning
Ray Bolger as Sapiens, the emasculated husband of an Amazon warrior in Rodgers and Hart's longest running hit, By Jupiter.

Rodgers and Hart took a lighter turn with By Jupiter (1942 - 427), which told of a conflict between ancient Greeks and female Amazon warriors. Although it was a traditional musical comedy, hilarious role reversals between men and women ("You swear like a longshorewoman!") stretched the creative boundaries. A stellar performance by Ray Bolger and a score that included "Wait Till You See Her" made this Rodgers & Hart's longest running show. It was also the last new show they would collaborate on.

Torn by personal demons, Hart had become a hopeless alcoholic. His talents were intact, but he would disappear for days and even weeks at a time, making it impossible to complete new projects. An anxious Rodgers asked his longtime partner to dry out and work with him on a musical adaptation of Lynn Rigg’s unsuccessful play Green Grow the Lilacs. The Theatre Guild, which had given Rodgers and Hart their first big break, needed this project to settle its mounting debts. When Hart refused, Rodgers warned that he was ready to collaborate with Oscar Hammerstein II. Hart encouraged Rodgers to pursue the new partnership, then headed off to Mexico for a drinking spree.

Rodgers got busy with Hammerstein, who had been interested in adapting Green Grow the Lilacs for several years (his longtime collaborator Jerome Kern had rejected the project). Thus began the most renowned creative partnership the American musical theatre has ever known. "They couldn't pick a better time to start in life . . ."